The Valley of the Shadow

Freedmen's Bureau: Loyalty


These are letters which includes any references to personal allegiances during and after the war, as people called attention to the loyalty (or disloyalty, depending on their perspective) of local whites and freedmen. These documents contain many references to events during the war itself, as well as attempts by whites to control the post-war "loyalty" of Augusta blacks.


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  • W. Storer How to Cecil Clay, August 16, 1865
    How describes the case of James Campbell, a free black who owned a house which was confiscated by the Confederates. How asks that an investigation be conducted in the matter.
  • W. Storer How to Orlando Brown, September 15, 1865
    How reports no "insurrectionary" activity on the part of blacks in the Sixth District, and writes that "freedmen are inflexibly loyal."
  • W. Storer How to Frederick S. Tukey, November 6, 1865
    How's letter refers to the physician who he employed to tend to some of the poor in Augusta County. How instructs Tukey on how to file a request to have the doctor paid for his services.
  • Thomas Wholey to W. S. James, January 10, 1866
    Wholey writes to the War Department about property of his in Staunton that was seized first by the Confederate Army, and then by the Union Army. The lot was since turned over the to Freedmen's Bureau, and Wholey requests the return of the lot and compensation for lumber he stored on the property.
  • E. L. Van Leid to W. S. James, January 16, 1866
    Van Leid attests to Wholey's loyalty to the Union and asks that his case be given attention.
  • W. Storer How to Orlando Brown, April 12, 1866
    How submits a requisition for flags, justifying its necessity by pointing to the "impatience of the people to witness these emblems of restored authority."
  • Augusta Jordan to O. O. Howard, April 14, 1866
    Augusta Jordan asks for aid on behalf of Eveline Stuart, an African-American woman living in Staunton. Her husband James, living in Ohio, is afraid to return to Staunton because he served as a Union guide during the war, and wishes to bring Eveline to Ohio.
  • Special Requisition Order of W. Storer How, April 1866
    This requisition order by How asks for "Service Recruiting" flags and halliards for display in front of Bureau offices throughout the District to demonstrate the presence of government authority and to reassure those who support the government.
  • William J. Dews to O. O. Howard, May 20, 1866
    Dews asks for remuneration for the services he has performed for the Bureau in Augusta County. His letter mentions his own loyalty to the Union cause, and the difficulties it has caused him. Dews actual position in Staunton, was as magistrate on the Freedmen's Courts, but attached endorsements to his letter indicate that he received very little money in fees from the court, and was paid by the Bureau at a clerk's salary.
  • Nelson Irwin to [John M. Schofield], October 8, 1866
    Nelson Irwin writes a very poignant and wrenching letter to General Schofield, the head of the Potomac Military District, pleading for justice and protection for blacks. He refers to an upcoming trial in Staunton and claims that blacks live under a "reign of terror". Irwin asks Schofield to use military power to intervene on the side of the law, writing, "We gave to the rich white man our best years, our strength, our youth, our sweat, and now that we are free, we get in return meanness, tyranny and injustice." Judging from the papertrail, this letter was passed all the way to Orlando Brown.
  • William L. Herr to John A. McDonnell, February 7, 1867
    Herr's letter attests that he knows of no accusations against Frederick Tukey, nor of any improper behavior.
  • Statement of William J. Dews, February 8, 1867
    Dews testifies to Tukey's character and comments on what he considers to be the suspicious involvement of George Graham of the Burial Corps in the matter.
  • Frederick S. Tukey to Orlando Brown, March 11, 1867
    Tukey corrects a report he sent Brown earlier in the day, replacing the name of Edward M. Cushion with that of Harvey Risk, commenting on his political views.
  • Frederick S. Tukey to Orlando Brown, March 11, 1867
    Tukey responds to a request from the Assistant Commissioner, and provides a list of six whites and six blacks who can possibly serve as community leaders. Tukey comments on the political attitudes and loyalty of the white citizens, and on the literacy and general character of the black citizens he lists.
  • Loyalty Oath of Thomas P. Jackson, May 24, 1867
    The text of Thomas Jackson's oath of loyalty to the United States before the assumption of his post in Stauton. The oath was witnessed by Staunton's Mayor, Nicholas K. Trout.
  • Thomas P. Jackson to John A. McDonnell, July 11, 1867
    Jackson forwards a complaint by Alexander Anderson against the U.S. Government to McDonnell.
  • Thomas P. Jackson to John A. McDonnell, July 11, 1867
    Jackson forwards a claim of almost $500 against the U.S. Government, stating that while he feels this particular claim is just, he worries that such claims will be "numberless" if the government begins to settle them.
  • Abner Harrison to Thomas P. Jackson, July 19, 1867
    Although now residing in Tennessee, Harrison writes to Jackson to find out whether or not Jackson has the power to pursue a case in which Harrison was not able to collect payment for some land he sold near Middlebrook before the war, because he refused to accept Confederate money. His letter details the circumstances of the matter, and asks for help, or at the very least, advice, from Jackson.
  • Loyalty Oath of John A. McDonnell, January 14, 1868
    The text of McDonnell's loyalty oath to the United States Government.
  • Thomas P. Jackson to John A. McDonnell, February 19, 1868
    Jackson's letter to McDonnell describes a complaint by Hiram Thompson regarding his horse that was stolen by a Confederate Lieutenant before the end of the war.
  • Loyalty Oath of Thomas P. Jackson, March 27, 1868
    The text of Jackson's [renewed?] loyalty oath to the United States Government.
  • John W. Jordan to John A. McDonnell, May 4, 1868
    Jordan relates the details of a demonstration led by the Ku Klux Klan in Staunton. According to Jordan the Klans quite obvious displays have aroused both the white and black communities and threatens the public peace.
  • John W. Jordan to Orlando Brown, June 30, 1868
    In his very detailed report, Jordan states that he tries to avoid the adjudication of disputes involving freedmen in the courts because of the pervasive prejudice in the system. He recommends the establishment of military courts that would have jurisdiction over blacks and other "loyal" citizens, so that they would be able to receive fair trials. He also calls for the extension of the Bureau's tenure, and an increase in its powers to work against opposition to the government.
  • William J. Dews to Orlando Brown, July 8, 1868
    Dews applies to Brown for employment in the Bureau or other branch of government. Dews was once a member of the Freedman's Court in Staunton, and claims that he is presently unable to find work in his profession because he remained loyal to the Union during the war.
  • Frederick S. Tukey to Orlando Brown, July 17, 1868
    Tukey writes a letter recommending William Dews and attesting to his character. Tukey and Dews worked together in Staunton while Tukey was Agent there.
  • Roswell Waldo to Orlando Brown, October 31, 1868
    In his report, Waldo remarks that although he knows of no cases of actual discrimination in the legal system, he observes a "spirit" of injustice towards blacks and whites loyal to the Union government among Magistrates. Waldo also reports that he continue to settle civil matters outside of the courts.
  • Roswell Waldo to John A. McDonnell, December 17, 1868
    Waldo reports that the Commonwealth attorney in Augusta County, James Bumgardner, is a rebel sympathizer and recommends the importation of a qualified and loyal man to fill the post. He does recommend that William Burnett remain in his position as County Clerk.


Race Relations | Violence | Family | Education | Monthly Reports | Employment/Labor | Mediation | Legal System | Public Welfare | Politics | Loyalty | Church | Franklin County | Administration/Bureaucracy | Tukey Case | Miscellaneous


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