Valley of the Shadow

In the Presence of Mine Enemies

  1. James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 462.
  2. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 17, 1862, Joseph Addison Waddell Diary, University of Virginia.
  3. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 19, 1862.
  4. Letter from Thomas Smiley to Mary Smiley, dated June 9, 1862, Smiley Family Papers, University of Virginia.
  5. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 27, 1862.
  6. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entries dated July 4, 1862, July 7, 1862.
  7. Report of Col. William S. H. Baylor, July 9, 1862, Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, vol. 11, Serial 13, ch. 23.
  8. Report of Brig. Gen. Charles S. Winder, C. S. Army, commanding 1st Brigade, 2d Division, of the battles of Gaines' Mill and Malvern Hill. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, vol. 11, Serial No. 13. For an overview of the battles of 1862, see James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997).
  9. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated July 7, 1862.
  10. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 471.
  11. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated July 8, 1862.
  12. Letter from James Gabbert to Mary Baylor, dated July 24, 1862, William Smith Hanger Baylor Papers, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  13. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 14, 1862.
  14. Diary of Nancy Emerson, entries dated June 30, 1862, and July 4, 1862, Nancy Emerson Diary, University of Virginia.
  15. Diary of Nancy Emerson, Wednesday, no date, 1862.
  16. Diary of Nancy Emerson, Thursday, no date, 1862.
  17. Diary of Nancy Emerson, entry dated July 4, 1862.
  18. Diary of Nancy Emerson, entry dated July 4, 1862.
  19. Valley Spirit, June 25, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  20. Valley Spirit, July 9, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  21. Valley Spirit, July 2, 1862, page 4, column 3.
  22. Valley Spirit, July 2, 1862, page 4, column 3.
  23. Valley Spirit, July 16, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  24. Alexander K. McClure, Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: J. C. Winston Company, 1905), pp. 538, 540.
  25. Valley Spirit, July 30, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  26. Letter from James A. Carman to his father, dated July 18, 1862, James Carman Papers, United States Military History Institute.
  27. A Sketch of the 126th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, Prepared by an Officer, and Sold for the Benefit of the Franklin County Soldiers' Monumental Association (Chambersburg, Pa.: Cook and Hays, 1869), pp. 6-7.
  28. Valley Spirit, August 6, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  29. Valley Spirit, August 13, 1862, page 1, column 1.
  30. Valley Spirit, August 13, 1862, page 1, column 1.
  31. Valley Spirit, August 20, 1862, page 4, column 4.
  32. For comparisons, see Maris Vinovskis, "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations," in Maris A. Vinovskis, ed., Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 14, and in the same volume, Thomas R. Kemp, "Community and War: The Civil War Experience of Two New Hampshire Towns," p. 59.
  33. Valley Spirit, July 23, 1862, page 5, column 4. See Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861-1865 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
  34. Letter from James A. Carman to his father, dated July 18, 1862.
  35. Quoted in McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 524. On Imboden, see John J. Hennessey, Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993), p. 15.
  36. Letter from William Kindig to Henry Bitner, dated July 21, 1862, Henry A. Bitner Letters, University of Virginia.
  37. Letter from J. B. Sweigert to his cousin, dated July 24, 1862. On the effect of Pope's orders, see Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 18.
  38. Valley Spirit, August 6, 1862, page 8, column 2.
  39. Valley Spirit, August 6, 1862, page 8, column 2.
  40. Valley Spirit, August 6, 1862, page 8, column 2.
  41. Letter from Bob Taggart to John Taggart, dated August 12, 1862, John Taggart Papers, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
  42. Valley Spirit, August 27, 1862, page 1, column 1. Letter by unidentified correspondent to the Valley Spirit dated, August 22, 1862.
  43. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, pp. 21-22.
  44. Letter from Thomas Smiley to Mary Smiley, dated July 31, 1862, Smiley Family Papers, University of Virginia.
  45. Letter from John Wise to Mary Wise, dated August 17, 1862, Michael G. Wise Papers, University of Virginia.
  46. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated July 22, 1862, Hotchkiss Papers, Library of Congress.
  47. Letter from John Wise to Mary Wise, dated August 17, 1862.
  48. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated July 17, 1862.
  49. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated July 29, 1862.
  50. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated July 29, 1862.
  51. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated August 1, 1862.
  52. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated August 11, 1862.
  53. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated August 3, 1862.
  54. Robert K. Krick, Stonewall Jackson at Cedar Mountain (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), pp. 242-46.
  55. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated August 9, 1862.
  56. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated August 13, 1862.
  57. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated August 16, 1862.
  58. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated August 16, 1862.
  59. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated August 28, 1864. Note: Correct date is August 28, 1864.
  60. Diary of James E. Beard, entry dated August 27, 1862, James Beard Diary, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Battlefield Park.
  61. Letter from William Smith Hanger Baylor to Mary Baylor, dated August 18, 1862.
  62. Quoted in Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 175.
  63. This and the following account are drawn from Lee A. Wallace, 5th Virginia Infantry, second edition (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1988), pp. 39-40.
  64. This account is drawn from Hennessy, Return to Bull Run, p. 348, including the quotes.
  65. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated September 23, 1862.
  66. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 21, 1862.
  67. Letter from Edward P. Walton to Mary Baylor, dated October 1, 1862, William Smith Hanger Baylor Papers, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
  68. Letter from Edward P. Walton to Mary Baylor, dated October 1, 1862.
  69. Letter from Edward P. Walton to Mary Baylor, dated October 1, 1862.
  70. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 1, 1862.
  71. Diary of Joseph Waddell dated September 10, 1862.
  72. Valley Spirit, September 3, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  73. Valley Spirit, September 10, 1862, page 1, column 1.
  74. Valley Spirit, September 10, 1862, page 1, column 1. Letter originally written by unknown correspondent to the Valley Spirit using initials D.A.N., dated September 3, 1862.
  75. Valley Spirit, September 10, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  76. Valley Spirit, September 10, 1862, page 4, column 4. Note: Column 4 is correct.
  77. Valley Spirit, September 3, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  78. Valley Spirit, September 3, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  79. Valley Spirit, September 3, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  80. Valley Spirit, September 24, 1862, page 1, column 1. Letter originally from Kennedy to Valley Spirit dated September 12, 1862.
  81. Diary of Samuel Cormany, entry dated August 17, 1862. James A. Mohr, ed., The Cormany Diaries: A Northern Family in the Civil War (Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 1982).
  82. Diary of Samuel Cormany, entry dated August 19 1862, in Mohr, ed., Cormany Diaries.
  83. Diary of Samuel Cormany, entry dated September 9, 1862, in Mohr, ed., Cormany Diaries.
  84. Diary of Samuel Cormany, entries dated September 12 and September 13, 1862, in Mohr, ed., Cormany Diaries.
  85. Valley Spirit, September 24, 1862, page 1, column 1. Letter originally from Kennedy to Valley Spirit, dated September 12, 1862.
  86. George McClellan to Governor Andrew G. Curtin, September 10, 1862, Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, vol. 19, Serial 28, ch. 31.
  87. D. H. Hastings, Captain First Cavalry, Commanding to General Lorenzo Thomas, September 12, 1862, Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, vol. 19, Serial 28, ch. 31.
  88. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated September 10, 1862.
  89. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated September 11, 1862.
  90. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 8, 1862.
  91. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 8, 1862.
  92. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 8, 1862.
  93. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 17, 1862.
  94. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 21, 1862.
  95. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated September 21, 1862.
  96. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated September 22, 1862.
  97. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated September 24, 1862.
  98. Letter from Thomas Garber to Addie Garber, dated September 17, 1862, Garber Family Papers, Augusta County Historical Society.
  99. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entries dated September 24, 1862, September 24, 1862, September 27, 1862.
  100. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entries dated October 1, 1862 and October 2, 1862.
  101. Valley Spirit, September 24, 1862, page 4, column 6.
  102. Valley Spirit, September 24, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  103. George B. McClellan to Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, Gen.-in-Chief: September 14, 1862, Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, vol. 19, Serial 28, ch. 31.
  104. George B. McClellan to Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, Gen.-in-Chief: September 17, 1862, Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, vol. 19, Serial 28, ch. 31.
  105. Report of Capt. James MacThompson, Antietam, 107th Pennsylvania Infantry, October 7, 1862. Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series I, vol. 19, Serial 27, ch. 31.
  106. Valley Spirit, October 1, 1862, page 4, column 1. James M. McPherson, Crossroads of Freedom: Antietam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). For a countervailing argument, focusing on the Southern response to the battle, see Gary W. Gallagher, "The Net Result of the Campaign Was in Our Favor: Confederate Reaction to the Maryland Campaign," in Gallagher, ed., The Antietam Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), pp. 3-43.
  107. Valley Spirit, October 8, 1862, page 4, column 2.
  108. Valley Spirit, October 15, 1862, page 1, column 1.
  109. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated October 4, 1862, Kittochtinny Historical Society.
  110. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated November 4, 1862.
  111. Valley Spirit, October 15, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  112. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated October 10, 1862.
  113. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated October 11, 1862.
  114. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated October 11, 1862.
  115. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated October 15, 1862.
  116. Alexander K. McClure, Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania, pp. 582-83.
  117. McClure, Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania, pp. 579-87. The following account is drawn from these pages.
  118. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 4, column 5.
  119. Letter from Samuel North to his brother, dated October 14, 1862, Samuel W. North Papers, U. S. Army Military History Institute.
  120. Valley Spirit, November 5, 1862, page 1, column 3.
  121. Valley Spirit, November 5, 1862, page 1, column 3.
  122. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 5, column 4.
  123. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  124. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 4, column 4.
  125. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  126. McClure, Old Time Notes of Pennsylvania, pp. 557-59.
  127. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  128. Valley Spirit, November 5, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  129. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated October 29, 1862.
  130. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated November 11, 1862.
  131. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated November 20, 1862.
  132. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 6, column 1.
  133. Valley Spirit, November 12, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  134. Valley Spirit, November 12, 1862, page 1, column 5
  135. Valley Spirit, November 12, 1862, page 1, column 5.
  136. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated November 27, 1862.
  137. Valley Spirit, December 3, 1862, page 5, column 2.
  138. Valley Spirit, November 19, 1862, page 5, column 4.
  139. Letter from Peter Boyer, Jr., to Peter Boyer, Sr., dated November 20, 1862, Peter Boyer Papers, U. S. Army Military History Institute.
  140. Staunton Spectator, October 7, 1862, page 2, column 1.
  141. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated October 22, 1862.
  142. Staunton Spectator, October 21, 1862, page 2, column 2.
  143. Staunton Spectator, October 22, 1862, page 2, column 2.
  144. Staunton Spectator, November 4, 1862, page 2, column 1.
  145. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated October 18, 1862. On the ways that Virginia communities dealt with such problems, see William Blair, Virginia's Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861-1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
  146. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated November 29, 1862.
  147. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated October 22, 1862.
  148. Staunton Spectator, December 9, 1862, page 1, column 7.
  149. Staunton Spectator, December 2, 1862, page 2, column 3.
  150. Staunton Spectator, December 2, 1862, page 2, column 4.
  151. Staunton Spectator, October 28, 1862, page 1, column 1.
  152. Staunton Spectator, December 2, 1862, page 2, column 4.
  153. Staunton Spectator, November 4 1862, page 2, column 1.
  154. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated October 22, 1862.
  155. Report forwarded from General Franz Sigel to Major-General Ambrose Burnside, December 3, 1862, Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, Series 1, vol. 21, Serial 31, ch. 31.
  156. Staunton Spectator, October 14, 1862, page 2, column 6.
  157. Letter from Kent Langhorne to his mother, dated November 16, 1862, Jacob Kent Langhorne Papers, Virginia Military Institute.
  158. Letter from A. W. Kersh to his brother George Kersh, dated October 14, 1862, A. W. Kersh Letters, Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Battlefield Park.
  159. Letter from A. W. Kersh to his brother George Kersh, dated November 22, 1862.
  160. Staunton Spectator, December 9, 1862, page 2, column 4.
  161. Staunton Spectator, December 16, 1862, page 1, column 6.
  162. Staunton Spectator, December 16, 1862, page 1, column 6.
  163. Staunton Spectator, December 30, 1862, page 2, column 1.
  164. Staunton Spectator, December 16, 1862, page 1, column 6.
  165. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to his wife, Sara, dated January 2, 1863.
  166. Valley Spirit, December 10, 1862, page 4, column 5.
  167. Valley Spirit, December 10, 1862, page 4, column 5. For a full account, see George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
  168. Valley Spirit, December 17, 1862, page 4, column 5.
  169. Letter from Samuel North to his brother, dated December 18, 1862.
  170. Valley Spirit, December 24, 1862, page 4, column 5.
  171. A Sketch of the 126th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, Prepared by an Officer, and Sold for the Benefit of the Franklin County Soldiers' Monumental Association (Chambersburg, Pa.: Cook and Hays, 1869), pp. 17-21.
  172. Letter from Samuel North to his brother, dated December 18, 1862.
  173. Letter from James Carman to his father, dated December 17, 1862.
  174. Valley Spirit, December 24, 1862, page 1, column 6.
  175. Valley Spirit, December 24, 1862, page 4, column 5.
  176. Valley Spirit, December 24, 1862, page 4, column 1.
  177. Letter from James Carman to his father, dated December 17, 1862.
  178. Valley Spirit, December 31, 1862, page 2, column 4.
  179. Valley Spirit, December 31, 1862, page 2, column 4.
  180. Letter from Christian Geisel to his sister, dated January 17, 1863, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
  181. Diary of Samuel Cormany, entries dated January 3 and 4, 1863.
  182. Diary of Rachel Cormany, entry dated January 9, 1863.
  183. Valley Spirit, January 21, 1863, page 2, column 6.
  184. Letter from Thad Donely to Henry Bitner, January 20, 1863.
  185. Sketch of the 126th Regiment, pp. 25-27.
  186. Sketch of the 126th Regiment, pp. 25-27.
  187. Valley Spirit, February 4, 1863, page 2, column 3.
  188. Valley Spirit, February 11, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  189. Valley Spirit, October 22, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  190. Valley Spirit, December 10, 1862, page 5, column 1.
  191. Diary of Samuel Cormany, entries dated February 9 and 10, 1863.
  192. Diary of William Heyser, entries dated January 7, 1863, January 10, 1863, January 28, 1863, February 21, 1863.
  193. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated January 11, 1863.
  194. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated January 21, 1863.
  195. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Nelly Hotchkiss, dated December 17, 1862.
  196. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, January 21, 1863.
  197. Staunton Spectator, January 6, 1863, page 2, column 3.
  198. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated January 4, 1863.
  199. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entries January 12, 1863 and January 13, 1863.
  200. Staunton Vindicator, February 20, 1863, page 1, column 5.
  201. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to his wife, Sara Hotchkiss, dated January 25, 1863.
  202. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to his wife, Sara Hotchkiss, dated March 27, 1863.
  203. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated January 25, 1863.
  204. Staunton Spectator, January 27, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  205. Diary of Nancy Emerson, entry dated January 8, 1863.
  206. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated January 7, 1863.
  207. Diary of Jed Hotchkiss, entry dated January 7, 1863, in Archie P. McDonald, ed., Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson's Topographer--Jed Hotchkiss (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1973), p. 107.
  208. Staunton Spectator, January 6, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  209. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated January 1, 1863.
  210. Staunton Spectator, January 20, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  211. Staunton Spectator, February 3, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  212. Jed Hotchkiss, March 8, 1863, in McDonald, ed., Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 119.
  213. Letters from Jed Hotchkiss to his wife, Sara Hotchkiss, dated January 21, 1863, January 25, 1863, March 13, 1863, April 24, 1863.
  214. Staunton Spectator, January 27, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  215. Staunton Spectator, February 3, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  216. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated February 12, 1863.
  217. Letter from Thomas M. Smiley to his sister, dated January 4, 1863.
  218. Letter from Adam W. Kersh to his brother, George Kersh, dated January 1, 1863.
  219. Letter from Adam W. Kersh to his brother, George Kersh, dated January 27, 1863.
  220. Staunton Vindicator, February 20, 1863, page 2, column 7. On this pattern of desertion elsewhere, see Kevin Conley Ruffner, "Civil War Desertion from a Black Belt Regiment: An Examination of the 44th Infantry," in Edward L. Ayers and John C. Willis, eds., The Edge of the South: Life in Nineteenth-Century Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991).
  221. Staunton Spectator, December 16, 1862, page 2, column 6.
  222. Letter from Joseph A. Wilson to Henry Hamilton, dated January 11, 1863, private collection on the Valley of the Shadow website.
  223. Letter from Joseph A. Wilson to Henry Hamilton, dated February 17, 1863, private collection on the Valley of the Shadow website.
  224. Letter from Thomas Garber to his sister Addie Garber, dated April 15, 1863.
  225. Letters from Jesse Rolston to his wife Mary Rolston, dated March 15, 1863 and April 3, 1863, reprinted in Joyce DeBolt Miller, ed., "Until Separated by Death": Lives and Civil War Letters of Jesse Rolston, Jr., and Mary Catharine Cromer (Bridgewater, Va.: Good Printers, Inc., 1994), pp. 27-29.
  226. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to wife, Sara Hotchkiss, dated March 1, 1863.
  227. Letter from Jesse Rolston to his wife Mary Rolston, dated April 3, 1863, in Miller, "Until Separated."
  228. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated March 7, 1863.
  229. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated January 1, 1863.
  230. Valley Spirit, January 7, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  231. Hans L. Trefousse, Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), pp. 130-31
  232. Valley Spirit, February 11, 1863, page 2, column 3.
  233. Valley Spirit, March 4, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  234. Letter from William Barnitz, dated March 27, 1863. Letter printed in Pennsylvania Daily Telegraph. The issue of the Transcript in which this letter was reprinted is no longer extant.
  235. Letter from Henry Barnitz, dated March 27, 1863. Letter printed in Pennsylvania Daily Telegraph.
  236. Letter from Henry Barnitz, dated March 27, 1863. Letter printed in Pennsylvania Daily Telegraph.
  237. Valley Spirit, April 15, 1863, page 2, column 2. Reprinted from the Franklin Repository and Transcript, no date.
  238. Valley Spirit, April 15, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  239. Valley Spirit, April 15, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  240. Valley Spirit, March 25, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  241. Valley Spirit, April 1, 1863, page 2, column 6.
  242. Valley Spirit, March 25, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  243. Valley Spirit, April 1, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  244. Valley Spirit, May 6, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  245. Russell Duncan, Where Death and Glory Meet: Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Infantry (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), p. 63; Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: Macmillan, 1990).
  246. Valley Spirit, March 18, 1863, page 1, column 7.
  247. Valley Spirit, March 25, 1863, page 3, column 1.
  248. Valley Spirit, April 29, 1863, page 3, column 2.
  249. Edwin Redkey, "Brave Black Volunteers: A Profile of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment," in Hope and Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment, ed. Martin H. Blatt, Thomas J. Brown, and Donald Yacovone (Amherst: University of Massachusetts in association with the Massachusetts Historical Society, 2001), p. 22.
  250. Redkey, "Brave Black Volunteers," p. 27.
  251. Letter from Jacob Christy to his sister, May 1863. All of the letters from the Christys and Deumses are in the pension file of Wesley Krunkleton, 54th Massachusetts, Pension Files, RG 105, National Archives. We are grateful to Edwin Redkey for calling our attention to these wonderful letters.
  252. Letter from Jacob Christy to his sister, May 1863.
  253. Letter from David Demus to his wife, Mary Jane, dated May 8, 1863.
  254. Letter from Samuel Christy to his sister, Mary Jane, dated, May 9, 1863.
  255. Letter from Samuel Christy to his sister, Mary Jane, dated June 19, 1863.
  256. Letter from Samuel Christy to his sister, Mary Jane, dated June 19, 1863.
  257. Letter from David Demus to his wife, Mary Jane, dated June 18, 1863.
  258. Luis F. Emilio, A Brave Black Regiment: History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865, 3rd ed. (Salem, Mass: N. W. Ayer and Company, 1990), pp. 40-43; Duncan, Hope and Glory, pp. 90-91.
  259. Duncan, Hope and Glory, pp. 90-93.
  260. Staunton Spectator, February 10, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  261. Staunton Spectator, January 20, 1863, page 2, column 4.
  262. Staunton Spectator, January 20, 1863, page 2, column 4.
  263. Staunton Spectator, January 27, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  264. Staunton Spectator, February 17, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  265. Staunton Spectator, March 3, 1863, page 1, column 5.
  266. Staunton Vindicator, March 13, 1863, page 1, column 6.
  267. Staunton Vindicator, March 6, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  268. Staunton Spectator, March 24, 1863, page 2, column 6.
  269. Staunton Vindicator, February 20, 1863, page 2, column 6.
  270. Staunton Vindicator, April 3, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  271. Staunton Vindicator, April 17, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  272. Staunton Vindicator, April 24, 1863, page 2, column 4.
  273. Staunton Vindicator, May 22, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  274. Staunton Vindicator, March 27, 1863, page 1, column 2. Reprints of letter from James Baldwin to James A. Seddon, dated January 28, 1863, and from James A. Campbell, acting for Seddon, to James Baldwin, dated January 31, 1863.
  275. Staunton Vindicator, March 27, 1863, page 1, column 2.
  276. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated April 3, 1863.
  277. Staunton Vindicator, April 10, 1863, page 2, column 3.
  278. Staunton Spectator, April 7, 1863, page 2, column 1. For a helpful overview, see Michael Chesson, "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 92 (1984), pp. 131-175.
  279. Staunton Spectator, April 7, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  280. For a superb overview, see Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996); quote from Hooker on p. 192.
  281. Quoted in Sears, Chancellorsville, p. 110.
  282. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated April 29, 1863.
  283. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to his wife Sara, dated May 6, 1863.
  284. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to his wife Sara, dated May 10, 1863.
  285. Letter from Adam W. Kersh to his brother George, dated May 15, 1863.
  286. Letter from Adam W. Kersh to his brother George, dated May 8, 1863.
  287. Letter from Adam W. Kersh to his brother George, dated May 15, 1863.
  288. Letter from Thomas Smiley to his sister, dated May 9, 1863.
  289. This account is related in Sears, Chancellorsville, pp. 329-31.
  290. Letter from Thomas Smiley to his aunt, dated May 12, 1863.
  291. Letter from Jesse Rolston to his wife Mary, dated May 9, 1863.
  292. Letter from Henry Dedrick to his father, dated May 10, 1863.
  293. Staunton Spectator, May 19, 1863, page 2, column 4.
  294. Staunton Spectator, May 19, 1863, page 2, column 4.
  295. Letter from Adam W. Kersh to his brother George, dated May 8, 1863.
  296. Letter from Henry H. Dedrick to his father-in-law, dated May 10, 1863, Dedrick Family Papers, Virginia Military Institute.
  297. Letter from Adam W. Kersh to George P. Kersh, dated May 15, 1863.
  298. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated May 10, 1863.
  299. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated May 11, 1863.
  300. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated May 13, 1863.
  301. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated May 19, 1863.
  302. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to his wife Sara, dated May 19, 1863.
  303. Letter from Jed Hotchkiss to his wife Sara, dated June 6, 1863.
  304. Letter from Adam Kersh to his brother, dated May 24, 1863.
  305. Hotchkiss, February 23, 1863, in McDonald, ed., Make Me a Map of the Valley, p. 116.
  306. Valley Spirit, May 6, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  307. Valley Spirit, May 13, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  308. Sketch of the 126th Pennsylvania Regiment, pp. 36-37.
  309. Letter from Samuel W. North to his father, dated May 7, 1863.
  310. Diary of Samuel Cormany, entries from May 5, 8, 9, 1863.
  311. Valley Spirit, May 13, 1863, page 2, column 1.
  312. Valley Spirit, May 13, 1863, page 3, column 1.
  313. Sketch of the 126th Pennsylvania Regiment, pp. 37-38.
  314. Valley Spirit, May 20, 1863, page 3, column 1.
  315. Valley Spirit, May 27, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  316. Valley Spirit, May 27, 1863, page 3, column 1.
  317. My emphasis on the relative strength of white Virginians' devotion to the Confederacy draws on Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997). My emphasis on the divisions in the North builds upon that of historians of labor and race, most prominently Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance in American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), and Mark E. Neely, Jr., The Union Divided: Party Conflict in the Civil War North (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002).
  318. Staunton Spectator, June 2, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  319. Staunton Spectator, June 2, 1863, page 2, column 5.
  320. Diary of Nancy Emerson, entry dated March 6, 1863.
  321. Letter from Henry Dedrick to his wife, dated June 14, 1863.
  322. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated June 15, 1863.
  323. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 19, 1863.
  324. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 19, 1863.
  325. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entries dated June 16, 1863 and June 17, 1863.
  326. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated June 14, 1863.
  327. Alexander K. McClure to Eli Slifer, June 9, 1863.
  328. Diary of Philip Schaff, entries dated June 19, 22, and 23, 1863, in Old Mercersburg, Woman's Club of Mercersburg, Pa., (Williamsport, Pa.,: Grit Publishing, 1949), 167-71.
  329. Diary of Philip Schaff, entry dated June 18, 1863; Jacob Hoke, The Great Invasion of 1863 (Dayton, Ohio: W. J. Shuey, 1887), pp. 95-96.
  330. Diary of Philip Schaff, entry dated June 27, 1863.
  331. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated June 14, 1863.
  332. Franklin Repository and Transcript, July 8, 1863, page 1, column 1.
  333. Diary of Rachel Cormany, entry dated June 15, 1863.
  334. Hoke, Great Invasion, pp. 98-99.
  335. Letter from L.M. Blackford to his father, June 28, 1863, Blackford Family Papers, University of Virginia
  336. Roger U. Delauter, Jr., McNeill's Rangers (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1986), p. 47.
  337. Letter from L.M. Blackford to his father, June 28, 1863.
  338. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 22, 1863.
  339. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated June 22, 1863.
  340. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated July 2, 1863.
  341. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated June 24, 1863.
  342. Staunton Vindicator, July 3, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  343. Staunton Vindicator, July 3, 1863, page 2, column 2.
  344. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated June 24, 1863.
  345. Letter from L.M. Blackford to his father, June 28, 1863.
  346. Letter from Jedediah Hotchkiss to Sara Hotchkiss, dated June 24, 1863.
  347. Letter from L.M. Blackford to his father, June 28, 1863.
  348. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated July 4, 1863.
  349. Diary of Joseph Waddell, entry dated July 7, 1863.
  350. Franklin Repository and Transcript, July 8, 1863, page 1, column 1.
  351. Franklin Repository and Transcript, July 8, 1863, page 1, column 1.
  352. Franklin Repository and Transcript, July 8, 1863, page 1, column 1.
  353. Hoke, Great Invasion, pp. 133-34.
  354. Hoke, Great Invasion, pp. 109-10.
  355. Hoke, Great Invasion, p. 111.
  356. Hoke, Great Invasion, p. 111.
  357. Diary of Rachel Cormany, entry dated June 16, 1863.
  358. Hoke, Great Invasion, pp. 107-08.
  359. The quotations on this episode from Schneck, Cree, and Heyser appear in Ted Alexander, "A Regular Slave Hunt: The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign," North and South (September 2001), pp. 82-89.
  360. Diary of Amos Stouffer, June 19, 1863, in John Hubbell, ed., "'The Rebs are yet thick about us': The Civil War Diary of Amos Stouffer of Chambersburg," Civil War History (September 1992), no 3.
  361. Alexander, "Regular Slave Hunt," pp. 86-87.
  362. Diary of Rachel Cormany, entry dated June 17, 1863.
  363. Michael Hege, "God's Help in Trouble," translated by Peter Hoover, 1998, Michael Hege Collection, Mennonite Historical Association of the Cumberland Valley, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
  364. Diary of Rachel Cormany, entry dated June 24, 1863.
  365. Diary of Rachel Cormany, entry dated June 30, 1863.
  366. Diary of Rachel Cormany, entry dated June 27, 1863.
  367. Hoke, Great Invasion, pp. 215-16.
  368. Telegram from Alexander K. McClure to Abraham Lincoln, June 30, 1863, Abraham Lincoln Papers, Library of Congress.
  369. Lincoln quoted in Library of Congress note to Telegram from Alexander K. McClure to Abraham Lincoln, June 30, 1863, Library of Congress; Letter from Alexander K. McClure to Abraham Lincoln, July 1, 1863, Library of Congress.
  370. Diary of Jacob Stouffer, entry dated July 2, 1863.
  371. Diary of Philip Schaff, entry dated June 30, 1863.
  372. Diary of Philip Schaff, entry dated June 30, 1863.
  373. Diary of William Heyser, entry dated July 2, 1863.

Text and images Copyright 2003 by Edward L. Ayers. All rights reserved. A part of the Valley of the Shadow Project